Fig. 1: Flowchart of the study design.

AF, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter; AUC, area under the curve; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; GWAS, genome-wide association studies; HF, heart failure; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; maxFDR, maximum false discovery rate, which calculates the maximum type I error in the analysis; MHIBB, Montreal Heart Institute Biobank; N_eff, effective sample size; PGS, polygenic scores; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UKB, United Kingdom Biobank. ^aNielsen et al.⁶, ^bNelson et al.⁷, ^cShah et al.⁴, ^dAragam et al.²¹, ^eLevin et al.²². *Another large AF GWAS with partly non-overlapping samples (Roselli et al.²).