Fig. 1: Important wound healing biomarkers.

The biological wound healing stages (a) and the important wound biomarkers are depicted in qualitative plots (b–g). The electrical properties of a wound will change over its wound-healing period. Typical biological cell has some electrical characteristics, and it can be used for wound monitoring with a simple impedance measurement across the wound. It can show the healing progress where the reference measurement is shown for normal skin (b),⁴⁸⁰. The local temperature of a wound varies during wound healing. The plot indicates the variation of wound temperature over several days of healing (c)^481,482. Moisture measurement of wound dressing is plotted (e)⁴⁸³. pH variation of acute and chronic wounds are shown in (c)⁴⁸⁴. The representation of cellular changes once the wound is formed is shown in (f)⁴⁸⁵. Finally, different stages of wound bacterial infection are depicted⁴⁸⁶ (inset)(g).