Fig. 5: Concepts in individual sensors applicable for wound monitoring.

R1 implies the realtime printable EIT sensors on living tissues for health monitoring, adapted with permission from ref. ³¹⁸. Photograph of in situ 3D printed hydrogel ink on a porcine lung (a). The EIT based in situ spatiotemporal mapping results of on a porcine lung undergoing cyclic contraction (b). R2 depicts the biomimetic temperature-sensing layer for artificial skins based on pectin, adapted with permission from ref. ³³¹. The pectin-based skin shows high temperature sensitivity and the plot shows its response comparison to other artificial skin research works (a). pectin film (b) and the sensor architecture (c), The electrical current variations (blue dots) plotted against temperature and compared with thermal camera based measurements (red) (d), Ambient temperature variations are shown in the zoom in image. R3 is the stretchable and suturable fibre sensors for wireless monitoring of connective tissue, adapted with permission from ref. ³³⁷. Photograph of a wireless fibre strain-sensing system consisting of one conductive fibre where the inset shows the coil for the passive wireless readout. a The strain sensing based on the resonant frequency of the wireless system compared with the sensor simulation is plotted (b), picture of the wireless sensor sutured onto the Achilles tendon of a pig to monitor the strain (c). R4 shows the development of a stretchable fibre turned in to a potentiometric pH senso, adapted with permission from ref. ³⁶⁴. Depiction of different layers deposited on fibre for the fabrication of a pH sensor (a), pH sensor response to pH at different stretching levels (b) and the plot shows the sensor selectivity to pH from different ions (c). R5 demonstrate a printable sensor technology based on a DNA hydrogel, named wireless infection detection on wounds adapted with permission from ref. ³⁷⁰. The sensor built up in (a), the sensing mechanism shown, DNAgel degradation upon exposure to DNase, resulting in a change in the capacitance of the sensor (b), Signal change when sensor is exposed to S. aureus culture.