Fig. 4: TONE for acoustic energy harvesting.

a The peak voltage and the corresponding peak power by the TONE depending on the external load. b Durability and reliability of the TONE output for 20 min (over 80,000 cycles). c Real-time powering on a custom-built LED display with 25 LEDs. d Intermittent powering on thermo-hygrometer using a capacitor of 1000 μF. Here, a controlled sound wave with 72 Hz and 110 dB is used. e Intermittent powering on thermo-hygrometer using a capacitor of 22 μF. The capacitor is charged from various daily sounds, including music, voice, and noise.