Fig. 1: Soap bubble transfer printing.

a A typical transfer printing system includes a stamp, an electronics, and a substrate. The stamp can be either solid (Reproduced with permission¹¹. copyright 2022, Elsevier), liquid (Reproduced with permission¹⁷. Copyright 2021, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) or phase-transition (Reproduced with permission²⁴. Copyright 2022, American Association for the Advancement of Science.) to transfer electronics (either rigid or flexible) onto the target substrate (either planar or curved). b Schematic illustration of the versatile soap bubble transfer printing: retrieving electronics through the soap bubble hosted by a blowing tube (Step I); when being transferred, flexible electronics (top) conformably deforms with the soap bubble, while rigid electronics (bottom) retains its original shape (Step II); inflating the soap bubble to match the receiver substrate (Step III) and bursting the soap bubble through a finite-sized bar (Step IV) make rigid and flexible electronics respectively printed onto planar (top) and curved (bottom) substrates (Step V). To demonstrate the versatility and compatibility of the soap bubble transfer printing, a 25.3 μm-thick silver circuit denoting rigid electronics and an 850 nm-thick gold circuit representing flexible electronics are integrated onto c low-adhesion reliefs, d a non-uniform ball, and e a fragile flower.