Fig. 2: Transfer printing mechanism and volume modulation strategy.

a A rigid electronics is positioned either tilted for a low-volume soap bubble (left) or horizontally for a high-volume soap bubble (right). b The relation between the tilt angle α of the electronics and the soap bubble volume V corresponding to different initial masses m₀. Solid lines and dots respectively represent the theoretical solutions and experimental results. c A rigid electronics is either flipped for a low-volume soap bubble (top), leading to tombstoning and failure of printing, or successfully printed for a high-volume soap bubble (bottom) in an experiment. d Single contact line (top left) and multiple contact lines (bottom left) of electronics, and the relation between the torque M and the soap bubble volume V corresponding to different electronics weights G (right) and the moving distance of the contact line b = 0.1 mm. e A soap bubble deforms when carrying a heavy electronics. f The carrying capacities of both the soap bubble and liquid droplet¹⁷ stamps as a function of the volume. Solid lines and dots, respectively, denote the theoretical solutions and experimental results of the soap bubble stamp for L = 10 mm, while the dashed line represents the theoretical solutions of the droplet stamp. g The resistance changes for rigid and flexible electronics transferred through solid and soap bubble stamps¹¹.