Table 3 Comparison of fabrication techniques, materials, applications, and performance characteristics of printed biosensors
From: Mechanics and bio-interface engineering in flexible biosensors for continuous health monitoring
Fabrication Method | Materials | Monitoring aim | Specifications | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inkjet printing128 | Parylene, DPP-DTT, Ag,rGO/PVDF, P3HT/IDTBR, PEDOT: PSS | Arterial pulse waves, photoplethysmography | High sensitivity, low VDD operation | High on/off ratio, high yield | Physics-dependent performance |
Inkjet printing130 | PEDOT: PSS, GOx, Nafion, Ag, Ag/AgCl | Glucose in saliva | Response time≈ 60 s Glucose range: 25 µM–0.9 mM | Non-invasive, low-cost | Not yet optimized for continuous monitoring |
Inkjet printing131 | PEDOT: PSS, PDMS, PEO, | Electrocardiography, photoplethysmography | Sheet resistance: 84 Ω/□ | High stretchability | Lower conductivity compared to metal-based conductors |
Screen printing132 | PEDOT: PSS, PEN, P(VDF-TrFE) | Pulse rate | High pressure sensitivity: ~0.025 MPa | Fast response time | Solvent-dependent processing |
Screen printing134 | MoS2, PI | Electrocardiography, electromyography, and skin temperature | Sensitivity: -0,98 ± 0,03%°C⁻¹ Response ≈1.4 s | High mechanical flexibility | High-temperature annealing required |
Screen printing4 | PPG, GOx, PU, PB ink | Glucose in interstitial fluid | Sensitivity: 12.69 μA mM⁻¹⋅cm⁻², Stability: 30 days | Long-term stability | Potential foreign body response |
Screen printing135 | EGFs, TPU, Na Ionophore X, PVC, NaBARF, Ag/AgCl ink | Electrolyte levels in sweat | Stretchability: 300% strain with only 9% resistance variation | High conductivity | Requires precise ink rheology and optimized TPU/EGF composition |
