Table 4 Comparison of materials, applications, and performance characteristics of biosensors obtained through microfabrication
From: Mechanics and bio-interface engineering in flexible biosensors for continuous health monitoring
Ref | Materials | Monitoring aim | Specifications | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tyrosinase enzyme, Conductive silver epoxy, L-DOPA, Nafion | Levodopa in ISF | Enzymatic sensitivity: 0.048 nA/μM | Multimodal detection | Not yet validated in long-term on-body human studies | |
PLA, GOx, Nafion, AuNPs, OPPy | Glucose | Glucose sensitivity: 8.09 μA/mM | Good stability (≥90% after 2 weeks) | Only in vitro testing | |
SWCNTs, PEDOT: PSS, GOx | Glucose | Glucose LOD: 0.225 mM | High sensitivity | Complex fabrication method | |
PMMA, PI, PDMS, silver ink, stainless steel | In-stent restenosis | Capacitance change at 5% strain: 18% (avg), 26% (max) | Advanced miniaturization | Only in vitro testing | |
PI-PET film, MPA, Au nanodots | Dopamine in organoids (for Parkinson treatment) | Dopamine signal: 1.4× increased | High signal selectivity | Only in vitro testing | |
SWCNT/MWCNT in SU-8 array | Dopamine | Sensitivity: 0.453 nA/nM LOD:0.77 nM | Good selectivity | SU-8 not fully biocompatible, High cost | |
PDMS, Eco-flex | Blood pressure | Sensitivity: 32% (−6 dB, 7.5 MHz) | Measurement depth | Power consumption | |
Parylene, Pt | Physiological pressure | Resolution: 1 mmHg (0.13 kPa) | High resolution | Limited device lifetime | |
PDMS,Mg, PI, Ti, Pt | Water permeation | Sensitivity: 3.3 × 10⁻⁸ g/m²/day at 25 °C | Low power consumption, wireless | Limited long-term stability | |
Si, Cr-Au film, Photoresist AZ MIR 701 | Acceleration | Sensitivity: 0.5–15 Hz, ~1 g | Energy savings | Long-term reliability |
