Fig. 1: Saturation concentration, CM(sat), M = Zn, Al, and Mg, as a function of pH in the presence of 30 mM NaCl in the solution at T = 20 °C.

The arrows above indicate the predominant species. Soluble species used are: ZnOH+, ZnCl+, ZnCl3−, ZnCl42−, HZnO2−, ZnHCO3+, Zn(OH)3−, ZnO22−, Zn(CO3)22−, Zn(OH)42−; Al(OH)4−, AlO2−, Al(OH)2+, Al3+; Mg2+, MgOH+, MgHCO3+, and insoluble species are: ZnO, Zn(OH)2, Zn5(OH)8Cl2, AlO(OH), Al2O3, Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3)·10H2O, Mg(OH)2. The subscripted “tot” indicates total concentration of the element. Vertical dashed lines indicate the three pH values investigated in this work.