Table 1 Baseline clinical findings and cortical excitability in all participants

Gender, M/F

13/6

8/10

10/8

0.338^a

Age, y

70.11 ± 7.37

70.33 ± 9.36

73.39 ± 6.15

0.366^b

Education level, y

12 (9, 16)

10.5 (8.5, 12)

9 (8.25, 12)

0.265^c

Disease duration, y

7 (4, 10)

7 (5, 10)

5.5 (3, 8.25)

0.266^c

Hoehn & Yahr stage

3 (2, 3)

3 (2.38, 3)

3 (2.5, 3)

0.617^c

UPDRS-III

28.47 ± 11.82

32.94 ± 8.03

29.44 ± 11.41

0.412^b

LEDD, mg/d

683.00 ± 269.62

611.11 ± 308.60

603.86 ± 320.24

0.674^b

MMSE

29 (27, 30)

28.5 (27.75, 30)

29 (26, 30)

0.955^c

FOG-Q

17.11 ± 4.15

16.33 ± 4.61

17.78 ± 4.10

0.603^b

HAMA

10 (7, 16)

11.5 (9, 19.5)

12 (11, 20.25)

0.313^c

HAMD

11 (2, 14)

8 (4, 16.25)

9 (6, 13.25)

0.824^c

Gait speed, m/s

0.55 ± 0.19

0.58 ± 0.25

0.51 ± 0.27

0.621^b

Stride length, cm

58.28 ± 19.34

64.50 ± 26.72

56.25 ± 28.45

0.591^b

Stride time variability, %

6.54 (4.76, 9.32)

6.43 (3.93, 9.72)

9.21 (5.31, 12.90)

0.236^c

Double support time percent, %

24.47 (22.06, 29.82)

30.07 (20.25, 35.46)

28.41 (20.85, 40.41)

0.570^c

RMT_APB, % MSO

34.47 ± 8.19

37.22 ± 6.66

34.78 ± 6.39

0.450^b

AMP, mV

0.42 (0.25, 0.87)

0.56 (0.23, 1.04)

0.91 (0.40, 1.30)

0.178^c

CSP, ms

197.67 ± 34.11

190.67 ± 39.01

194.14 ± 42.29

0.859^b

SAI, %

73.57 (47.80, 98.50)

94.33 (63.82, 110.39)

71.15 (56.49, 107.63)

0.555^c

SICI_APB, %

97.84 ± 39.82

90.39 ± 37.29

93.31 ± 40.27

0.847^b

ICF_APB, %

177.00 (138.00, 211.00)

128.00 (90.38, 199.50)

132.00 (93.30, 215.50)

0.278^c

RMT_TA, % MSO

46.16 ± 11.09

44.28 ± 11.03

44.83 ± 7.24

0.840^b

SICI_TA, %

86.90 (35.80, 111.00)

71.30 (41.78, 115.25)

81.15 (40.12, 96.03)

0.919^c

ICF_TA, %

224.00 (79.50, 330.00)

179.00 (117.48, 312.25)

167.50 (126.00, 250.00)

0.675^c