Fig. 4: Enhanced glycolysis-derived lactate promotes microglial activation.

Primary microglia pretreated with or without 2-DG (1 or 2 mM) for 30 min, then stimulated with 0.2 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. A mRNA expression of Glut1, Hk2 and Ldha. N = 6 per group. B Lactate concentration. N = 3 per group. C–E mRNA expression of Il1b, Tnf, Il6, Nos2, Cd206, and Ym1. N = 3 per group. F and G Representative western blotting and quantification of IL-1β, HK2, NLRP3, and iNOS in LPS stimulated primary microglia treated with or without 2-DG. N = 3 per group. Primary microglia pretreated with or without sodium oxalate (2 or 5 mM) for 30 min, then stimulated with 0.2 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. H Lactate concentration. N = 3 per group. I and J Representative western blotting and quantification of iNOS and LDHA. N = 3 per group. K–M mRNA expression of Il1b, Tnf and Il6. N = 3 per group. N mRNA expression of Il1b, Tnf, Il6 and Cd206 in primary microglia stimulated with or without sodium lactate. N = 3 per group. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM and analyzed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Compared to PBS group, ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001, ^####P < 0.0001; compared to LPS group, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, ^****P < 0.0001.