Table 1 Summary of Altered Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites from People with Parkinson’s Disease

Sample and Reference	Tryptophan	Kynurenine	Kynurenic Acid	3-hydroxykynurenine	Quinolinic Acid	Kynurenic Acid/Kynurenine	3-hydroxykynurenine/Kynurenine
This Paper
Adult zebrafish liver		↓	↔	↔	↑	↑	↑
Adult zebrafish brain		?	?	↔	↑	?	?
Whole zebrafish larvae		?	?	↔	↑	?	?
Serum
Widner, et al.⁶⁷	↓	↓
Schulte, et al.⁶⁸	↔	↔
Han, et al. ⁶⁹	↓	↓		↑
Oxenkrug, et al.⁷⁰	↓	↑	↑
Havelund, et al.⁷¹	↔	↔	↓^a	↔		↔	↔↑^a
Sorgdrager, et al.⁷²	↓	↔	↓	↔	↔
Heilman, et al.⁷³	↔	↔	↔	↑	↔
Klatt, et al.⁷⁴		↓		↑
Urine
Luan, et al.⁷⁵	↑	↑
CSF
Lewitt, et al.⁷⁶				↑
Havelund, et al.⁷¹	↔	↔	↔	↔		↔	↔↑^a
Sorgdrager, et al.⁷²	↔	↔	↓	↔	↔
Iwaoka, et al.⁷⁷	↔	↑	↔	↑	↔	↓	↑
Heilman, et al.⁷³	↔	↔	↓	↔	↔	↓
Brain
Ogawa, et al.⁷⁸		↓	↓	↑		↔

Changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites measured in human patients with Parkinson’s disease as well as those measured as part of this study. Arrows represent changes from controls.
^aIn this study, changes were only identified in patients on L-DOPA treatment who displayed signs of dyskinesia.

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