Fig. 2: Group differences in KP metabolites and ratios, reflecting a neurotoxic profile in PD. | npj Parkinson's Disease

Fig. 2: Group differences in KP metabolites and ratios, reflecting a neurotoxic profile in PD.

From: Sex differences in peripheral and central dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway in Parkinson’s disease

Fig. 2

a, b Higher mean concentrations of 3HK and QUIN, two neurotoxic kynurenines, c, d lower mean concentrations of KYNA and PIC, two neuroprotective kynurenines, and e–g higher mean ratios of neurotoxic:neuroprotective kynurenines in the PD group compared to Control in plasma and/or CSF. Gray dots indicate individual, log-transformed concentrations or ratios. Bars and error bars reflect estimated mean and 95% CI from one-way ANCOVA, after controlling for age and sex as covariates. Asterisks indicate raw P value of group difference (****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05). Second generation P values are shown directly above asterisks when significant (Pδ = 0; i.e., the 95% CI of the difference in means did not overlap the specified null interval ( ± 10%)), indicating particularly robust effects. 3HK 3-hydroxykynurenine, KYNA kynurenic acid, KYN kynurenine, PIC picolinic acid, QUIN quinolinic acid, PD Parkinson’s disease.

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