Fig. 5: Association between higher PC2 scores and higher UPDRS I and II scores in PD. | npj Parkinson's Disease

Fig. 5: Association between higher PC2 scores and higher UPDRS I and II scores in PD.

From: Sex differences in peripheral and central dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway in Parkinson’s disease

Fig. 5

a K-means cluster plot showing individuals in the PD group (sexes pooled) clustered by PC1 and PC2 scores. Highlighted in yellow is Cluster 2, representing PD patients with purely high PC2 scores (n = 29, including 9 males and 20 females), reflecting lower levels of neuroprotective kynurenines and serotonin and higher levels of neurotoxic kynurenines. Highlighted in blue is Cluster 5, representing PD patients with purely low PC2 scores (n = 13, including 11 males and 2 females). b One-way ANCOVA results, showing estimated mean ( ± 95% CI) UPDRS I and II scores for each cluster after controlling for age, sex, and disease duration. Asterisks indicate P values of post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction. *P <0.05; **P <0.01. Dashed line marks cutoff for mild/moderate symptom severity.

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