Table 1 Clinical characteristics of all participants in the current study

From: Smartphone-derived multidomain features including voice, finger-tapping movement and gait aid early identification of Parkinson’s disease

 

Control group, n = 283

PD group, n = 213

p-value

Current age, years

68.4 ± 9.1

68.6 ± 9.2

0.85

Gender, male, N (%)

110 (38.9)

123 (57.7)

<0.01**

MDS-UPDRS part III score (on)

N.A.

17.6 ± 6.7

 

MDS-UPDRS part III score(off)

N.A.

21.3 ± 5.1

 

Voice

 Reading time, seconds

51.4 ± 12.4

65.6 ± 27.5

<0.01**

 Phonetic score

96.6 ± 1.7

95.4 ± 3.1

<0.01**

 Pause percentage, %

13.4 ± 7.2

24.9 ± 11.9

<0.01**

 Volume variance

−1.6 ± 10.5

1.6 ± 10.7

<0.01**

 Pitch variance

16.5 ± 4.4

12.8 ± 4.7

<0.01**

 Average pitch

155.5 ± 31.1

152.9 ± 32.1

0.43

Finger tapping hand movements

 Index-to-thumb duration (R)

0.33 ± 0.15

0.24 ± 0.15

<0.01**

 Index-to-thumb variance (R)

−0.01 ± 0.05

−0.01 ± 0.09

0.45

 Index-to-thumb distance (R)

0.11 ± 0.06

0.08 ± 0.04

<0.01**

 Hand average frequency (R)

2.74 ± 0.80

3.37 ± 0.92

<0.01**

 Hand intensity (R)

0.78 ± 0.11

0.70 ± 0.14

<0.01**

 Hand intensity frequency (R)

2.03 ± 0.55

2.34 ± 0.69

<0.01**

 Hand frequency variance (R)

−0.29 ± 0.60

−0.17 ± 0.66

0.02*

 Index-to-thumb duration (L)

0.32 ± 0.15

0.23 ± 0.13

<0.01**

 Index-to-thumb variance (L)

−0.02 ± 0.04

−0.02 ± 0.04

0.81

 Index-to-thumb distance (L)

0.10 ± 0.05

0.08 ± 0.04

<0.01**

 Hand average frequency (L)

2.81 ± 0.84

3.45 ± 0.87

<0.01**

 Hand intensity (L)

0.78 ± 0.11

0.70 ± 0.14

<0.01**

 Hand intensity frequency (L)

2.16 ± 0.59

2.39 ± 0.68

<0.01**

 Hand frequency variance (L)

−0.24 ± 0.64

−0.07 ± 0.70

<0.01**

Gait

 Percentage of Foot on Ground (L)

0.21 ± 0.11

0.21 ± 0.18

0.72

 Percentage of Foot on Ground (R)

0.21 ± 0.12

0.21 ± 0.19

0.98

 Average Step Length

21.03 ± 3.83

20.09 ± 4.48

0.02*

 Average Turning Duration

3.86 ± 1.24

4.84 ± 1.61

<0.01**

 Turning Duration Gradient Slope

−0.03 ± 0.01

−0.04 ± 0.01

<0.01**

 Maximal knee angle (thigh-calf) (L)

57.08 ± 0.32

57.08 ± 0.48

0.90

 Minimal knee angle (thigh-calf) (L)

1.43 ± 5.09

2.95 ± 6.60

0.01

 Maximal knee angle (thigh-calf) (R)

57.08 ± 0.33

57.06 ± 0.46

0.66

 Minimal knee angle (thigh-calf) (R)

1.02 ± 3.82

2.25 ± 5.42

0.01

 Maximal elbow angle (upper arm-forearm) (L)

56.40 ± 1.22

56.74 ± 1.01

<0.01**

 Minimal elbow angle (upper arm-forearm) (L)

11.29 ± 10.88

11.15 ± 12.81

0.91

 Maximal elbow angle (upper arm-forearm) (R)

56.55 ± 0.97

56.77 ± 1.06

0.02

 Minimal elbow angle (upper arm-forearm) (R)

15.32 ± 12.26

11.72 ± 13.23

<0.01**

 Core maximal angle

57.11 ± 0.21

57.19 ± 0.17

<0.01**

 Core minimal angle

42.73 ± 12.02

37.37 ± 18.33

<0.01**

 Average duration per round

8.62 ± 2.31

10.99 ± 4.80

<0.01**

 Average duration variance per round

0.00 ± 0.07

0.00 ± 0.10

0.82

 Average foot step per round (L)

3.21 ± 0.86

3.89 ± 1.58

<0.01**

 Average foot step per round (R)

3.37 ± 0.82

3.99 ± 1.58

<0.01**

  1. * means P < 0.05, ** means P < 0.01.
  2. PD Parkinson’s disease, MDS-UPDRS the Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, H-Y stage Hoehn-Yahr stage, L left, R right.
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