Fig. 3: Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk stratified by severity status of GBA1 carrier and polygenic risk score (PRS) categories.

Odds ratio (OR) for PD were estimated using logistic models, while conditioning on the sex, age at assessment and the first four ancestry principal components in both UK Biobank (A) and the Luxembourg Parkinson’s Study (B). Non-carriers with intermediate PRS served as the reference group.