Table 4 Cox regression models of progression to H&Y3

From: Beta-adrenoceptor drugs and progression to Parkinson’s disease milestones in a large pooled incident cohort

Variable

Hazard Ratio (H&Y3 Outcome +)

95% Confidence Interval

Significance (p)

Hazard Ratio (H&Y3 Outcome +)

95% Confidence Interval

Significance (p)

Beta-blocker analysis

Beta-agonist analysis

Beta-blocker use

1.538

1.102–2.145

0.011*

–

–

–

Beta-agonist use

–

–

–

0.772

0.411–1.448

0.420

Age at PD diagnosis

1.089

1.071–1.108

<0.001*

1.089

1.070–1.107

<0.001*

PD duration at baseline

0.939

0.627–1.407

0.761

1.000

0.669–1.492

0.998

Cardiovascular disease

1.053

0.781–1.421

0.735

–

–

–

Autoimmune/inflammatory disease

–

–

–

0.983

0.684–1.413

0.983

Baseline H&Y stage

1.547

1.232–1.944

<0.001*

1.508

1.201–1.895

<0.001*

CIRS system score

0.955

0.875–1.043

0.308

0.993

0.918–1.073

0.855

Diabetes

1.399

0.908–2.155

0.127

–

–

–

Smoking status

1.268

0.980–1.641

0.070

1.232

0.955–1.589

0.108

Cohort—CamPaIGN

1.430

1.008–2.027

0.045*

1.442

1.010–2.058

0.044*

Cohort—ICICLE

0.508

0.288–0.894

0.019*

0.533

0.302–0.940

0.030*

Cohort—PINE

1.292

0.901–1.853

0.164

1.350

0.938–1.944

0.106

  1. Cox Regression analyses of the impact of beta-blocker use at baseline and beta-agonist use at baseline, on time to reach H&Y 3 (dependent variable), including relevant baseline covariates. The study cohort is included as a categorical variable, with the largest cohort (PICNICS) as the reference category. Includes participants with all covariates available for analysis following exclusion of those at H&Y ≥ 3 at baseline (Beta blocker analysis n = 629; Beta agonist analysis n = 623) (NYPUM and ParkWest cohorts not included due to absence of CIRS data).
  2. PD Parkinson’s Disease, H&Y Hoehn and Yahr, CIRS Cumulative Illness Rating Scale.
  3. *p < 0.05.
Back to article page