Table 3 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for the association between medium-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and Parkinson’s disease onset, 1 year lag, by sex

From: Exposure to ambient air pollution and onset of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort study

 

Male

Female

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Panel A (PM2.5, μg/m3)

 Linear model

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

1.05** (1.01–1.08)

0.99 (0.95–1.03)

Quartiles model

 1st (reference)

 2nd

1.16 (0.97–1.39)

1.16 (0.97–1.39)

0.95 (0.82–1.11)

0.91 (0.79–1.05)

 3rd

1.16 (0.96–1.40)

1.14 (0.94–1.38)

0.95 (0.81–1.12)

0.88 (0.75–1.04)

 4th

1.17 (0.95–1.44)

1.09 (0.88–1.36)

1.16 (0.98–1.37)

0.95 (0.80–1.13)

 Observations

1,265,787

1,265,787

1,422,366

1,422,366

 Covariates

No

Yes

No

Yes

Panel B (NO2, μg/m3)

 Linear model

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

1.01 (1.00–1.02)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

Quartiles model

 1st (reference)

 2nd

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

0.98 (0.82–1.17)

0.94 (0.81–1.08)

0.93 (0.80–1.07)

 3rd

0.97 (0.82–1.14)

0.94 (0.81–1.18)

1.01 (0.88–1.16)

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

 4th

1.01 (0.86–1.19)

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

1.10 (0.95–1.26)

0.93 (0.80–1.10)

 Observations

1,265,787

1,265,787

1,422,366

1,422,366

 Covariates

No

Yes

No

Yes

  1. Each model is a Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) model with standard error clustered by SOA. Each cell presents the estimated hazard ratio for a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 (Panel A) and NO2 (Panel B) along with the 95% confidence interval in parentheses. The table reports a medium-term exposure effect defined as exposure to pollution over the semester with 1 year lag. Covariates are at individual, household and neighbourhood levels listed in Table 1.
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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