Table 4 Hazard ratios (95% CI) for the association between medium-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and Parkinson’s Disease onset, 1 year lag, by age

From: Exposure to ambient air pollution and onset of Parkinson’s disease in a large cohort study

 

Age in 2011 <50 years

Age in 2011 ≥50 years

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Panel A (PM2.5, μg/m3)

 Linear model

1.12*** (1.07–1.17)

1.05* (1.00–1.11)

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

0.97 (0.94–1.01)

Quartiles model

 1st (reference)

 2nd

1.32* (1.06–1.64)

1.26** (1.01–1.56)

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

0.93 (0.82–1.06)

 3rd

1.33* (1.05–1.68)

1.23 (0.97–1.55)

0.93 (0.81–1.07)

0.91 (0.79–1.05)

 4th

1.65*** (1.30–2.08)

1.30* (1.01–1.67)

1.02 (0.87–1.18)

0.93 (0.79-1.09)

 Observations

1,413,737

1,413,737

1,274,416

1,274,416

 Covariates

No

Yes

No

Yes

Panel B (NO2, μg/m3)

Linear model

1.02*** (1.01–1.04)

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

0.99 (0.99–1.01)

0.99* (0.98–1.00)

Quartiles model

 1st (reference)

 2nd

1.01 (0.82–1.24)

1.01 (0.81–1.24)

0.93 (0.82–1.06)

0.94 (0.82–1.06)

 3rd

1.31** (1.08–1.60)

1.24* (1.00–1.54)

0.89 (0.78–1.01)

0.86* (0.75–0.98)

 4th

1.41*** (1.15–1.72)

1.19 (0.94–1.51)

0.95 (0.83–1.07)

0.86* (0.75–1.00)

 Observations

1,413,737

1,413,737

1,274,416

1,274,416

 Covariates

No

Yes

No

Yes

  1. Each model is a Cox Proportional Hazard (CPH) model with standard error clustered by SOA. Each cell presents the estimated hazard ratio for a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 (Panel A) and NO2 (Panel B) along with the 95% confidence interval in parentheses. The table reports a medium-term exposure effect defined as exposure to pollution over the semester with 1 year lag. Covariates are at individual, household and neighbourhood levels listed in Table 1.
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
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