Fig. 3: Characteristics of white matter lipidome alterations in schizophrenia.

A Visualization of lipidome-based distances between white matter samples using PCA. Colors distinguish schizophrenia (SZ) and control (HC) samples. Shapes distinguish unf and cgb regions. Correlation between schizophrenia-associated lipid alterations in cgb (B) region and unf (C) region between exploratory (n = 12) and verification (n = 44) stages. Solid points represent mean differences for lipid classes. Colors indicate lipid structural categories. D A volcano plot visualizing the results of the statistical analysis of schizophrenia-associated alterations in cgb region. Significant changes (t-test, BH-corrected p < 0.05) are color-coded according to lipid categories. E Distributions of schizophrenia-associated alterations, represented as log₂-transformed lipid abundance differences between schizophrenia and control samples (log₂ fold change), in each assessed fatty acid residue. Colors highlight residues with a significantly decreased (blue) overall abundance in schizophrenia (hypergeometric test, BH-corrected p < 0.05). Only residues which were assessed in more than 5 different lipid features are shown. F Distributions of schizophrenia-associated alterations, represented as log₂-transformed lipid abundance differences between schizophrenia and control samples (log₂ fold change), in each assessed lipid class. Colors highlight residues with an overall abundance significantly decreased (blue) or increased (red) in schizophrenia (hypergeometric test, BH-corrected p < 0.05).