Fig. 4: Metabolomic analysis of SH-SY5Y cells after 24 h exposure to MGO.

a 3D PCA plot based on the levels of 75 metabolites. b The number of upregulated and downregulated differential metabolites (DMs) in different MGO-treated groups. c Volcano plot of metabolites quantified in different MGO-treated groups (red dots: upregulated DMs, blue dots: downregulated DMs, gray dots: metabolites with no significant change). d Heatmap of the 31 DMs identified in the high-concentration MGO-treated group presented for all treatment groups. The color gradient from blue to red indicates the metabolite level from low to high. Treatment groups are labeled as follows: control (C-x) for 0 μM MGO, low (L-x) for 500 μM MGO, medium (M-x) for 750 μM MGO, and high (H-x) for 1000 μM MGO. The “x” in each label represents the replicate number, ranging from 1 to 4.