Fig. 5: Metabolic pathway enrichment and integrated proteomics and metabolomics analyses of differential metabolites (DMs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the high-concentration MGO-treated group (1000 μM MGO).

a Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis of identified DMs in the high-concentration MGO-treated group. Integrated analyses of proteomics and metabolomics, including: b Correlation network of DMs and proteins identified in the top 5 key functional modules, both derived from the high-concentration MGO-treated group. The network was generated based on Spearman’s correlation analysis using a significance threshold of p < 0.01 and an absolute correlation coefficient >0.75. Blue rectangle nodes represent proteins; green diamond nodes represent metabolites. Red edges indicate negative correlations, and blue edges indicate positive correlations; c joint pathway enrichment analysis of DEPs and DMs in the high-concentration MGO-treated group. Pathways with a pathway impact greater than 0.20 and a p value < 0.05 were considered significant.