Table 3 Statistical results from the Jonckheere–Terpstra test for concentration-dependent analysis of DMs identified in the high-concentration MGO-treated group (1000 μM MGO)

No.	Metabolite	Fold change (FC)			J statistic^a	p value	Concentration-dependent change
No.	Metabolite	Low	Medium	High	J statistic^a	p value	Concentration-dependent change
1	MG-H1	21.73	44.14	64.32	4.48	0.00001	↑
2	Thymine	1.80	3.02	2.79	4.20	0.00003	↑
3	Lactic acid	1.38	1.88	2.45	3.83	0.0001	↑
4	NAD	1.33	1.71	1.99	3.83	0.0001	↑
5	Citric acid	1.36	1.68	2.17	3.83	0.0001	↑
6	Isocitric acid	1.09	1.78	2.23	3.46	0.0005	↑
7	4-Aminobutyric acid	1.30	1.61	1.65	3.46	0.0005	↑
8	Malic acid	1.21	1.39	1.44	3.46	0.0005	↑
9	5-Glutamylcysteine	0.96	1.89	4.59	3.18	0.0015	↑
10	Orotic acid	1.46	1.64	2.23	3.18	0.0015	↑
11	Allantoin	1.51	1.60	2.44	3.18	0.0015	↑
12	Glutathione	1.14	1.53	2.14	3.08	0.0021	↑
13	Fumaric acid	1.19	1.53	1.91	2.99	0.0028	↑
14	Cysteamine	1.91	1.83	2.78	2.99	0.0028	↑
15	2-Ketoglutaric acid	1.34	2.12	3.61	2.71	0.0068	↑
16	Kynurenine	1.10	1.21	1.57	2.15	0.0317	↑
17	Dimethylglycine	0.86	0.75	0.59	−2.43	0.0152	↓
18	Cystathionine	0.88	0.59	0.47	−2.71	0.0068	↓
19	Ophthalmic acid	0.48	0.34	0.19	−3.74	0.0002	↓
20	Acetylcholine	1.04	0.73	0.43	−3.74	0.0002	↓
21	2-Aminobutyric acid	0.84	0.75	0.62	−1.87	0.0618
22	Homocysteine	0.88	0.59	0.68	−1.77	0.0760
23	Uridine	0.71	0.67	0.50	−1.77	0.0760
24	S-Adenosylmethionine	0.99	0.93	1.81	1.31	0.1911
25	Dopa	0.99	0.95	0.75	−1.12	0.2624
26	Ornitine	0.88	0.84	0.76	−0.75	0.4550
27	Glutamic acid	0.79	0.77	0.70	−0.75	0.4550
28	Arginine	0.75	0.81	0.69	−0.65	0.5133
29	Argininosuccinic acid	0.77	0.71	0.79	−0.65	0.5133
30	Citrulline	0.81	0.87	0.74	−0.47	0.6406
31	Adenosine	0.82	0.64	0.70	−0.28	0.7794

“↑” indicates a significant concentration-dependent increase in the expression levels with increasing MGO concentrations (p < 0.05), while “↓” indicates a significant concentration-dependent decrease (p < 0.05).
^aThe J statistic values are ranked in descending order for the metabolites with p < 0.05 and reflect the direction and magnitude of the trend in the metabolite levels with increasing MGO concentrations. A positive J statistic value indicates an upward trend, suggesting that the metabolite levels increase as MGO concentration rises. A negative J statistic value indicates a downward trend, suggesting metabolite levels decrease as MGO concentration rises.

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