Fig. 3: Effects of RPP1 on serum inflammatory factors and colon histopathology.

C: control group; M: model group; PH: high-dose RPP1 group; PL: low-dose RPP1 group; F: 5-fluorouracil group. a–c Serum (a) TNF-α (ng/mL), b IL-1β (ng/mL), and c IL-6 (ng/mL) in mice. d Pathological images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained colon tissue (20×). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.