Fig. 5: Effects of Pls supplementation on metabolic changes of HFD-induced AS mice (n = 3 for each group).

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the enriched KEGG pathway for the comparison of PLH versus M groups (A) and AG versus M groups (B). Color of the dots represents the level of significance, with yellow being the least and red being the most significant. Size of the dots represents the pathway impact values from the pathway topology analysis. C Schematic overview of the major changes in abundance of lipid metabolic derivatives associated with inflammation after Pls supplementation. Rectangles represent metabolites, no shapes represent DEGs, red indicates increased expression levels, green indicates decreased expression levels, and white indicates no significant change. For metabolites, α-LA α-linoleic acid, AA arachidonic acid, γ-LA γ-linoleic acid, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, EPA eicosapentaenoic acid, HPETE hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-keto-PGF2α 15-keto-prostaglandin F2α, LTA/B/C leukotriene A/B/C, LXA/B lipoxin A/B, PGD3/E3 prostaglandin D3/E3, PGF2α prostaglandin F2α, PGH2 prostaglandin H2, RvD2 resolvin D2, RvD5 resolvin D5, RvE1 resolvin E1, TXA2 thromboxane A2, TXB2 thromboxane B2. For DEGs, Acox1 acyl-Coenzyme A oxidase 1, Alox arachidonate lipoxygenase, Cbr2 carbonyl reductase 2, Fads2 fatty acid desaturase 2, Gpx glutathione peroxidase, Hpgd hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, Hpgds hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase, Lta4h leukotriene A4 hydrolase, Ltb4r1 leukotriene B4 receptor 1, Pla2g2d phospholipase A₂, group IID, Ptges3l prostaglandin E synthase 3 like, Ptgs2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2.