Fig. 1: Characterization of the fructophilic and probiotic potential of Apilactobacillus kunkeei FM01 in vitro.

A Growth characteristics of A. kunkeei FM01 in fructose yeast peptone broth, glucose yeast peptone broth, and glucose yeast peptone broth supplemented with pyruvate. B Survival rates of A. kunkeei FM01 under simulated gastrointestinal conditions exposed to pepsin and pancreatin. C Acid tolerance of A. kunkeei FM01 at different pH levels. D Bile salt resistance of A. kunkeei FM01 in media containing 0.15% and 0.30% bile salts. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.