Fig. 5: Apilactobacillus kunkeei FM01 enhanced intestinal mucosal barrier function in high-fructose diet-fed mice.

A Representative hematoxylin and eosin-stained intestinal tissue sections from control, high-fructose diet (HFD), and FLAB groups (HFD with A. kunkeei FM01 intervention). B Intestinal wall thickness and villus length measurements across experimental groups. C Expression levels of tight junction proteins Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in the colon, as determined by western blot. D Relative mRNA expression of ZO-1 and occludin in the colon. E Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.