Table 1 Model-fitting procedure.

From: A population-wide gene-environment interaction study on how genes, schools, and residential areas shape achievement

Model

Fixed effects

Random effects

1. Base: EA-PGI effects

Child EA-PGI

Parent EA-PGI, income, education

Grade

Individual child

2. School/area effects

Child EA-PGI

Parent EA-PGI, income, education

Grade

Individual child

a) School

b) + Neighbourhood

c) + District

d) + Municipality

3. EA-PGI-by-school/area interactions

Child EA-PGI

Parent EA-PGI, income, education

Grade

Individual child

a) Child EA-PGI | School

b) + Child EA-PGI | Neighbourhood

c) + Child EA-PGI | District

d) + Child EA-PGI | Municipality

4. Accounting for school effects

Child EA-PGI

Parent EA-PGI, income, education

5 school measures

Grade

Individual child

Child EA-PGI | School

5. Accounting for EA-PGI by-school interactions

Child EA-PGI

Parent EA-PGI, income, education

5 school measures

Each school measure * Child EA-PGI

Grade

Individual child

Child EA-PGI | School

  1. Note that | indicates a random slope effect. Note that 10 principal components reflecting parental genetic ancestry were included as fixed effects in all models (not shown in Table 1).