Fig. 4: The model of choice. | npj Science of Learning

Fig. 4: The model of choice.

From: The relationship of school performance with self-control and grit is strongly genetic and weakly causal

Fig. 4

The model of choice shows direct A confounding (in green; dashed double-headed arrows with covariances σA SP,Grit, σA SP,SC) and causal effects (in red; parameters bSP,SC and bSP,Grit). 16.8% of the variance in school performance is explained, for a large part due to genetic confounding (12.4%) and a small part due to the causal effects (4.4%), driven by the effect of self-control. To avoid clutter, the Ds (i.e., dominance genetic variance) and covariates are not depicted. A additive genetic variance, E non-shared environmental variance and measurement error, SC self-control, SP school performance, res residual.

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