Fig. 3: Results from behavioral training study.

A Reaction times for three sessions of all three experiments, including the phonics and font-change control tasks, relative to the lexical categorization model entropy parameter. We present the reaction times corrected for the effects of other word characteristics (Word frequency, lexicality, effect of errors, and stimulus order effects) based on predictions from the fitted linear mixed regression models used for statistical analysis. The model-based reaction times are aggregated across the session and entropy by mean. The light gray area reflects the 95% confidence interval. B Reading speed change in percent relative to pre-training reading speed measured by SLS reading speed test (adult version of the Salzburger Lesescreening; ref. ⁷¹). For all boxplots, the horizontal lines represent the median, the boxes represent data from the 25th to the 75th percentile, and the whiskers extend up to 1.5 times the interquartile range. Dots show participants with extream values and violin plots show the distribution of the training effects on the level of participants.