Table 1 Demographic information and results on behavioral tests

N (Male)

24 (9)

20 (12)

23 (10)

20 (9)

Age in years

10.6 ± 0.6

11.0 ± 0.7

19.7 ± 1.5

19.6 ± 1.0

Raven

107.3 ± 13.2

100.7 ± 8.6

129.9 ± 9.2

109.6 ± 16.0^†††

Chinese Character Naming (150)

126.4 ± 8.1

91.1 ± 13.2^***

143.1 ± 2.8

133.2 ± 8.9^†††

Sentence Reading Fluency (3505)

1100.9 ± 238.1

621.9 ± 171.2^***

1714.8 ± 419.0

741.0 ± 204.1^†††

One-minute Character Naming (regular) (150)

70.2 ± 16.2

42.3 ± 17.9^***

103.1 ± 14.7

69.1 ± 9.0^†††

One-minute Character Naming (irregular) (150)

46.0 ± 14.2

22.8 ± 14.8^***

83.6 ± 18.0

47.1 ± 10.8^†††

Initial Sound Deletion (30)

18.6 ± 7.3

9.8 ± 7.8^**

26.3 ± 2.9

12.4 ± 9.6^†††

Pseudowords Rhyming (40)

32.9 ± 5.1

27.4 ± 4.9^**

36.1 ± 2.4

31.1 ± 3.2^†††

Homophonic Morpheme (30)

27.2 ± 1.8

20.6 ± 5.2^***

29.6 ± 0.6

28.5 ± 1.7^††

Homographic Morpheme (30)

22.7 ± 3.2

17.4 ± 3.4^***

26.9 ± 2.1

26.1 ± 2.3

Character Correction (60)

38.0 ± 7.4

31.0 ± 6.3^**

49.8 ± 5.0

42.3 ± 6.5^††

Delayed Copy (30)

22.2 ± 3.5

19.8 ± 2.6^*

26.9 ± 1.7

24.6 ± 2.5^†††

Forward Digit Span

8.2 ± 1.1

6.9 ± 1.1^**

9.5 ± 1.1

9.3 ± 1.6

Backward Digit Span

5.1 ± 1.1

3.5 ± 0.8^***

7.6 ± 1.4

5.8 ± 2.0^††

RAN (digits) (reaction time in seconds)

31.6 ± 6.2

40.7 ± 8.0^***

24.2 ± 2.8

28.2 ± 3.0^†††

RAN (pictures) (reaction time in seconds)

51.7 ± 11.0

62.4 ± 13.7^**

40.6 ± 4.9

47.9 ± 6.9^†††