Table 2 Study groups and conditions
From: A systematic review of observational practice for adaptation of reaching movements
Authors (year) | Groups (N) | Observation/Practice condition (number of trials/observed movements) | Familiarisation (number of trials) | Pre-test (Number of trials) | Post-test direction of perturbation (Number of trials) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bernardi et al. 51 | Obs_Cong correct order (14)A; Fig 5b | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (140) | No perturbation (NA) | Null field (100) | CCWFF (150) |
Obs_Incong correct order (14)B; Fig 5b | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF (140) | ||||
Obs_Control random order (14)C; Fig 5b | Observing random adaption to CCWFF (140) | ||||
Brown et al. 41 | Obs_Cong correct order (12)A; Fig 2a | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF (96) | / | Null field (92) | CWFF (192) |
Obs_Cong correct order/TMS-M1 (6) | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF with M1 TMS-stimulation (96) | ||||
Obs_Cong correct order/TMS-SFL (6) | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF with SFL TMS-stimulation (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong correct order/Control (12)B; Fig 2a | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Cong correct order/rTMS-M1 (6) | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF with M1 TMS-stimulation (96) | ||||
Rest_Control (12)C; Fig 2a | Rest | ||||
Brown et al. 42 Experiment 1 | Obs_Cong correct order (9)A; Fig 3b | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF (96) | / | Null field (96) | CWFF (192) |
Obs_Cong random order (9) | Observing random adaptation to CWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong correct order (9)B; Fig 3b | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong random order (9) | Observing random adaptation to CCWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Mix random order (9)C; Fig 3b | Observing random adaptation to random FF (96) | ||||
Experiment 2 | Obs_Cong untrained (11) | Observing only high error adaptation to CWFF (96) | / | Null field (96) | CWFF (192) |
Obs_Cong random order (11) | Observing random adaption to CWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Cong trained (11) | Observing only low error adaptation to CWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong untrained (11) | High error trials learning observation (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong random order (11) | Observing random adaption to CCWFF (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong trained (11) | Observing only low error adaptation to CCWFF (96) | ||||
Larssen et al. 87 | Obs_Mix trained (8) | Observing only low error adaptation to CW (150), followed by CCW rotation (150) | No Perturbation (NA) | No Perturbation (50) | 1) CW rotation (50) after second adaptation 2) CCW rotation (50) after first post-test |
Obs/Act_Mix trained (8) | Physical practice of CW rotation (150), followed by observing only low error adaptation to CCW rotation (150) | ||||
Act_Cong no CCW (8) | Physical practice of CW rotation (150) | ||||
Obs/Act_Mix (8) | Physical practice of CW rotation (150), followed by physical practice of CCW rotation (150) | ||||
Larssen et al. 88 | Obs/Act trained/pre obs (19)A4 | Observing only low error adaptation to CCW rotation (50), followed by physical practice of CW rotation (50) | No perturbation (20) | No perturbation (20) | 1. No perturbation (20), after first adaptation phase 2. No perturbation (20), after second adaptation phase 3. CW perturbation (20), after second post-test 4. No perturbation (20), after 24 hours 5. CW perturbation (20), after third post-test |
Obs/Act trained/post obs (18) | Physical practice of CW rotation (50), followed by observing only low error adaptation to CW rotation (50) | ||||
Obs/Act trained/interspersed (18) | Interspersed observing only low error adaptation to CW rotation and physical practice of CW rotation (2x50, switch every five trials) | ||||
Act_Cong (19)C; D Fig2/Adaptation 1/Block1; Fig5/ Post-Test 1/Block 1 | Physical practice of CW rotation (2x50) | ||||
Rest_Cong (18) | Interspersed rest and physical practice of CW rotation (2x25, rest after every five trials) | ||||
Lei et al. 58 | Act_Cong (8) | Physical practice of CW rotation (120) | / | No perturbation (60) | CCW rotation (80) |
Obs_Cong (8) | Observing gradual adaptation to CW rotation (120) | ||||
Pro (8) | Passive reaching in CCW rotation with active return to starting point (120) | ||||
Obs/Pro interspersed (8) | Interspersed observing adaptation to CCW rotation and passive reaching in CCW rotation with active return to starting point (120, switch every 20 trials) | ||||
Rest_Control (8) C; Fig 3a | Rest | ||||
Pro2 (7) | Passive reaching in CCW rotation with passive return to starting point (120) | ||||
Lim et al. 55 | Obs/Act trained/CW (14)D; Fig 2/Phase 2/Post-test 2/B1 | Physical practice of CW rotation (150), followed by observing only low error trial adaptation to CW rotation (150) | No perturbation (25) | No perturbation (50) | 1. No perturbation (50), after first adaptation 2. No perturbation (50), after second adaptation 3. CW rotation (50), after second post-test |
Obs/Act trained/CCW (11)E; Fig 2/Phase 2/Post-test 1/B1 | Physical practice of CCW rotation (150), followed by observing only low error trial adaptation to CCW rotation (150) | ||||
Act_Control (12) | Physical practice of CW rotation (150) | ||||
Obs_Cong trained (12)A; Fig 2/Phase 2/Post-test 2/B1 | Observing adaptation to CW rotation (150) | ||||
Mattar and Gribble45 Experiment 1 | Obs_Cong correct order (12)A; Fig 4a | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF (96) | No perturbation (96) | / | CWFF (192) |
Obs_Incong correct order (12)B; Fig 4a | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (96) | ||||
Rest_Control (12)C; Fig 4a | Rest | ||||
Experiment 2 | Obs_Mix random order (12) | Observing random adaptation to random FF (96) | No perturbation (96) | / | CWFF (192) |
Experiment 3 | Obs_Cong correct order/distraction task (12) | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF with arithmetic distraction task (96) | No perturbation (96) | / | CWFF (192) |
Experiment 4 | Obs_Cong correct order/movement task (12) | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF with simple arm movement task (96) | No perturbation (96) | / | CWFF (192) |
Act_Control (12) | Simple arm movement task (move arm in circular motion) for 12 min (length of the learning video) | ||||
McGregor et al. 53 Experiment 1 | Obs_Incong (15)B; Fig 4b | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (200) | No perturbation (50) | No perturbation (200) | CWFF (100) |
Experiment 2 | Obs_Mix random order (15)C | Observing random adaptation to random FF (200) | |||
McGregor et al. 46 Experiment 1 | Obs_Incong gradual order (16)B; Fig 1c | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (200) | / | No perturbation (50) | CWFF (50) |
Obs_Incong gradual order/ stimulation/right (16) | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF with median nerve stimulation of the right arm (200) | ||||
Obs_Incong gradual order/ stimulation/left (16) | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF with median nerve stimulation of the left arm (200) | ||||
Obs_Incong gradual order/ stimulation/both arms (16) | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF with median nerve stimulation of both arms (200) | ||||
Obs_Mix random order (16)C; Fig 1c | Observing random adaptation to random FF (200) | ||||
Experiment 2 | Obs_Incong gradual order/stimulation /right/S1 SEP (16) | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF with median nerve stimulation of the right arm (200), somatosensory evoked potential assessment by EEG of S1 before and after observation | No perturbation (50) | CWFF (50) | |
Obs_Mix random order/S1 SEP (16) | Observing random adaptation to random FF (200), somatosensory evoked potential assessment by EEG of S1 before and after observation | ||||
McGregor et al. 52 | Obs_Incong gradual order (15)B; Fig 2b | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (200) | No perturbation (50) | No perturbation (200) (BL) | CWFF (100) |
Obs_Mix random order (15)C; Fig 2b | Observing random adaptation to random FF (200) | ||||
McGregor et al. 43 | Obs_Cong gradual order/perception feedback (26)A; Fig 3b | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (200), with perception feedback | No perturbation (30) | No perturbation (50) | CCWFF (50) |
Obs_Cong gradual order/no perception feedback (26) | Observing gradual adaptation to CCWFF (200), without perception feedback | ||||
Obs_Mix random order/perception feedback (26)C; Fig 3b | Observing random adaptation to random FF (200), with perception feedback | ||||
McGregor, et al. 46 | Obs_Incong gradual order (16)B; Fig 3c | Observing gradual adaptation to CWFF (192) | No perturbation ( ~ 40) | No perturbation (96) | CCWFF (96) |
Obs_Mix random order (16)C; Fig 3c | Observing random adaptation to random FF (192) | ||||
Ong et al. 52 | Act_Cong No Hand (10) | Physical adaptation to CW rotation without hand vision | No perturbation (10-20) | No perturbation (50) | 1. No perturbation (50) 2. CW rotation (50) (after post-test, Obs Live only) |
Act_Cong Hand (10)C; Fig 4/Block C1; D; Fig 3 | Physical practice of adaptation to CW rotation with hand vision (200) | ||||
Obs_Cong Live (10)A; Fig 4/Block C1 | Observing gradual adaptation to Act_CLG NoHand with hand vision live (200) | ||||
Ong et al. 53 | Obs trained/Hand/No Hand (10)A; Fig 1/Post 2a | Observing only low error adaptation to CW rotation with hand vision (150), and without hand vision (50) | No perturbation (NA) | No perturbation (50) | 1. No perturbation (50) (after adaptation) 2. CW rotation (50) (after first post-test) 3. No perturbation (50) (after second post-test) |
Obs/Act trained/Hand/No Hand (9) | Physical practice of adaptation to CW rotation without hand vision (50), followed by observing only low error adaptation to CW rotation with hand vision, and without hand vision (25) | ||||
Act_Control Hand/No Hand(10)C; Fig1/B1; DFig 1/Post 1a | Physical practice of adaptation to CW rotation with hand vision (150), and without hand vision (50) | ||||
Ronchi et al. 59 Experiment 1 | Obs_const Live (12) | Observing reaches with constant error (60) | / | No perturbation (10) | No perturbation (10) |
Experiment 2 | Obs_const Live (22) | Observing reaches without error (20), followed by observing reaches with constant error (60) | / | No perturbation (10) | No perturbation (10) |
Obs gradual order (22) | Observing reaches without error (20), followed by observing gradual adaptation to rightward error (60) | / | |||
Wanda et al. 47 Experiment 1 | Act_vis (10) | Physical practice of gradual adaptation to viscous CWFF (192) | / | No perturbation (96) Interspersed force –channel (16) | Force-channel (24) |
Act_stiff (10) | Physical practice of gradual adaptation to stiff CWFF (192) | ||||
Obs_vis (10) | Observing gradual adaptation to viscous CWFF (192) | ||||
Obs_stiff (10) | Observing gradual adaptation to stiff CWFF (192) | ||||
Experiment 2 | Obs_stiff (10) | Observation of gradual adaptation to stiff CWFF (2x96, 3 min rest between) | / | No perturbation (96) Interspersed force –channel (16) | Force-channel (24) |
Williams and Gribble48 | Obs_Cong right (15)A; Fig 3 | Observing adaptation learning to CWFF with right hand (96) | / | No perturbation (96) | CWFF with right hand (96) |
Obs_Cong left (15) | Observing adaptation learning to CWFF with left hand (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong right (15)B; Fig 3 | Observing adaptation learning to CCWFF with right hand (96) | ||||
Obs_Incong (15) | Observing adaptation learning to CCWFF with left hand (96) |
