Fig. 1: Aiming task.
From: Unconscious cultural cognitive biases in explicit processes of visuomotor adaptation
a Performance measures. This panel assumes that the participant aimed at −3 (a blue filled circle) and that the cursor’s visual feedback (a yellow filled circle with a solid black line) moved roughly in the direction of 1, while the actual movement trajectory was the yellow line. The implicit learning measure was calculated as the deviation between the actual trajectory (i.e., angular error) and the aiming direction (explicit aim). b The experimental design and movement trajectories in each block of a typical participant. The movement trajectories are distinguished by different colors according to the different targets aimed at. Only in the adaptation block, 45° clockwise rotation was added to the direction of cursor movement. In the second baseline block and the adaptation block, participants verbally reported their aiming direction before starting an aiming movement on each trial. In all blocks except the terminal-feedback block, the trajectory and endpoint feedback were always provided. In the terminal-feedback block, visual feedback of the trajectory was removed, and participants could only receive the endpoint feedback. As illustrated by the example trajectory, the participants were able to make straight target-directed movements in the first and second baseline blocks. In the adaptation block, the trajectory curved in the direction of the rotation at first, and participants corrected their movement toward the targets, but they were able to reach the targets at the end of the adaptation block. In the terminal feedback block, the trajectory shifted in the opposite direction of the rotation. When trajectory feedback was restored in the washout block, the participants were able to reach the targets by correcting their movements in the same direction of the rotation.
