Table 2 Linear regression analysis of the associations between menstrual symptoms and school absences and GCSE score stratified by past-year oral contraceptive use in the sample providing data on oral contraceptive use (N = 2664)

From: Associations of adolescent menstrual symptoms with school absences and educational attainment: analysis of a prospective cohort study

 

School absence in Year 11

GCSE points score

% change

95% CI

P value

Interaction p value

Beta

95% CI

P value

Interaction p value

Heavy or prolonged bleeding

Crude analysis (N = 2664)

Data on oral contraceptive use (N = 2664)

22.41

14.87, 30.44

<0.001

0.882

−17.36

−23.12, −11.60

<0.001

0.756

No oral contraceptive use (N = 2257)

16.11

8.26, 24.52

<0.001

−14.59

−20.83, −8.35

<0.001

Oral contraceptive use (N = 407)

17.63

0.03, 38.33

0.050

−12.11

−28.44, 4.22

0.146

Adjusted analysis (N = 1258)

Data on oral contraceptive use (N = 1258)

11.27

1.74, 21.70

0.020

0.710

−6.31

−11.83, −0.79

0.025

0.660

No oral contraceptive use (N = 1093)

7.79

−2.22, 18.84

0.131

−5.21

−11.07, 0.65

0.081

Oral contraceptive use (N = 165)

14.92

−8.93, 45.02

0.239

−2.55

−19.00, 13.90

0.760

Menstrual pain

 

Crude analysis (N = 2664)

 

Data on oral contraceptive use (N = 2664)

16.33

9.38, 23.71

<0.001

0.551

−3.10

−8.69, 2.50

0.278

0.848

No oral contraceptive use (N = 2257)

12.24

5.14, 19.82

0.001

−0.24

−6.09, 5.61

0.935

Oral contraceptive use (N = 407)

13.44

−4.93, 35.37

0.161

−3.75

−21.55, 14.06

0.680

Adjusted analysis (N = 1258)

Data on oral contraceptive use (N = 1258)

11.47

2.41, 21.34

0.012

0.251

−2.61

−7.84, 2.62

0.328

0.296

No oral contraceptive use (N = 1093)

12.03

2.45, 22.50

0.013

−2.35

−7.74, 3.03

0.392

Oral contraceptive use (N = 165)

−1.97

−24.29, 26.91

0.879

2.59

−15.58, 20.77

0.778

  1. In participants with complete data on oral contraceptive use, we stratified the analyses by past year oral contraceptive use (‘oral contraceptive use’ or ‘no oral contraceptive use’) and used a likelihood ratio test to assess statistical evidence of interaction. Abbreviations: GCSE, general certificate of secondary education; CI, confidence interval. Adjusted for ethnicity; maternal education, parental social class, financial difficulties, and home ownership during pregnancy; maternal smoking pre-pregnancy; parental separation, physical abuse, and sexual abuse before 11; maternal depression at 12.1; age at menarche; body mass index at 12.8; internalising and externalising problems at 9.6; and intelligence quotient at 8.
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