Fig. 2: The preclinical design for evaluating the EDIII-Qβ vaccine.

The animal experiments were conducted in six independent studies: three to evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses and neutralizing antibodies in C57BL/6 mice, and three to perform viral challenge experiments in male and female G129 mice. Samples were analyzed using ELISA, flow cytometry, CPE-VNT, qPCR, and histological studies to assess immune response, viral neutralization, and tissue integrity. Created with BioRender.