Fig. 4: Lung cytokine levels and body temperature in macaques challenged 5 years after vaccination.

Cynomolgus macaques were subcutaneously vaccinated and infected as described in Fig. 1a. A Lung cytokine levels. Seven days after challenge infection, inflamed red lung tissues were collected. Cytokine concentrations in lung homogenates were measured by a multiplex bead array assay. Lungs from macaques challenged without vaccination were collected in a previous study¹⁷, and were measured for this study for comparison. B before challenge infection (Supplementary Fig. 4). Body temperature data for macaques challenged without vaccination and those after 5 W vaccination were obtained from a previous study¹⁷. Because body temperatures between 10 A.M. and 6 P.M. were affected by anesthesia, average temperatures from 6 P.M. to 10 A.M. of individual macaques were calculated every day (64 and 96 points in 5 W/Without vaccination and 5Y, respectively). Means and standard deviations of six, three, and three macaques are shown as the ‘5Y post vaccination’, ‘5 W post vaccination’, and ‘Without vaccination’ groups, respectively. Black dots: unvaccinated macaques; red dots: macaques challenged after 5Y vaccination; blue dots: macaques challenged after 5 W vaccination. *: p < 0.05, statistical analysis was performed with the Mann-Whitney U test.