Table 7 Overview of the protection rate of liver-arresting GAPs in humans

Spring et al., 2013³⁵

PfΔp52Δp36 (2KO)

5 mosquito bites

NA

NA

PfΔp52Δp36 (2KO)

200 mosquito bites

NA

NA

Kublin et al., 2017⁴¹

PfΔp52Δp36Δsap1 (3KO)

150–200 mosquito bites

NA

NA

Murphy et al., 2022⁴²

PfΔp52Δp36Δsap1 (3KO)

200 mosquito bites 3 times

(2 immunizations at monthly intervals

and the third 8 weeks later)

5 PfNF54 mosquito bites 4 weeks later

3/6

(50%)

NA

NA

5 PfNF54 mosquito bites rechallenge

180 days later

0/3

(0%)

PfΔp52Δp36Δsap1 (3KO)

200 mosquito bites 5 times

(4 immunizations at 4-week intervals and the fifth 8 weeks later)

5 PfNF54 mosquito bites 4 weeks later

4/8

(50%)

NA

NA

5 PfNF54 mosquito bites rechallenge

180 days later

1/4

(25%)

Roestenberg et al., 2020⁴⁵

PfΔb9Δslarp

(PfSPZ-GA1)

1.35 × 10⁵ cryopreserved sporozoites IV

NA

NA

PfSPZ-GA1

4.5 × 10⁵ cryopreserved sporozoites IV

NA

NA

PfSPZ-GA1

9 × 10⁵ cryopreserved sporozoites IV

NA

NA

PfSPZ-GA1

4.5 × 10⁵ cryopreserved sporozoites IV three time at 2-month intervals

5 PfNF54 mosquito bites 3 weeks later

1/12

(8%)

PfSPZ-GA1

9 × 10⁵ cryopreserved sporozoites IV 3 times at 2-month intervals

5 PfNF54 mosquito bites 3 weeks later

2/13

(15%)

Lamers et al., 2024⁵¹

PfΔmei2 (GA2)

15 mosquito bites

NA

NA

PfΔmei2 (GA2)

50 mosquito bites

NA

NA

PfΔb9Δslarp (GA1)

50 mosquito bites 3 times at monthly intervals

5 Pf3D7 mosquito bites 3 weeks later

1/8

(13%)

PfΔmei2 (GA2)

50 mosquito bites 3 times at monthly intervals

5 Pf3D7 mosquito bites 3 weeks later

8/9

(89%)

Roozen et al., 2025⁵²

PfΔmei2 (GA2)

50 mosquito bites

5 Pf3D7 mosquito bites 6 weeks later

9/10

(90%)