Fig. 1: Molecular weight (MW) effects on membrane fouling.

a Normalized flux decline of three cases: GBD, XHM, and BS WWRPs; (b) membrane fouling evaluation of different MW components (ΔJ: the flux decline of MW > 10 kDa and MW < 10 kDa at the operating time of 60 h, ΔJSE: the flux decline of SE at the operating time of 60 h). Error bars refer to the standard deviations.