Fig. 6: Illustration of adsorption removal mechanism for PFAS removal based on charge and hydrophobicity.

a Due to opposing charges, the negatively charged PFAS heads will be attracted to the positively charged surface (electrostatic attraction), b similar charges will result in repulsion, the negatively charged PFAS heads will repel a negatively charged surface (electrostatic repulsion), c when the hydrophobic tails of the PFAS interact with hydrophobic surfaces they tend to cluster together minimizing water interaction (hydrophobic interactions).