Fig. 9: Removal of PFAS using membranes can be achieved through various mechanisms. | npj Clean Water

Fig. 9: Removal of PFAS using membranes can be achieved through various mechanisms.

From: Technology status to treat PFAS-contaminated water and limiting factors for their effective full-scale application

Fig. 9

a Physically sieving solutes that are bigger than the membrane molecular weight cut-off (size exclusion), b elevating pH may deprotonate the carboxyl groups on membrane as a result increasing negative charge which enhances the rejection (electrostatic interaction), c adsorption efficiency can be impacted and influenced by variations in pH as well as ionic strength; mono/divalent cations typically enhance removal efficiency, while increased pH levels tend to decrease adsorption capacity (adsorption) [modified from refs. 74,91,175.

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