Table 2 Overview of organic contaminants: types, characterization techniques, and distribution in aqueous environments

From: Iron biochar synergy in aquatic systems through surface functionalities electron transfer and reactive species dynamics

Category

Details

Aqueous environments

Characterization techniques

References

Pesticides

Used to control pests in agriculture, can run off into nearby water bodies.

Groundwater, surface water

GC–MS, HPLC, LC–MS, bioassays

4,59,201

Pharmaceuticals (antibiotics)

Often enter waterways through improper disposal or as waste from healthcare facilities.

Wastewater, groundwater, surface water

HPLC, HPLC, NMR, ecotoxicological testing

33,34,202

Industrial chemicals

Includes PCBs, dioxins, and phthalates from various industrial and consumer product sources.

Wastewater, groundwater, surface water

GC–MS, HPLC, LC–MS, XRD, FTIR

18,29,38

Characterization

Involves identifying molecular structures, concentrations, and properties.

-

GC–MS, LC–MS, HPLC, NMR, FTIR, XRD, bioassays

34,40,80,203

Focus in aqueous environments

Concerns the presence and impact of contaminants in water.

Groundwater, wastewater, surface water

Monitoring studies, environmental impact assessments

3,50

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