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Radial-velocity discovery of a second planet in the TOI-1338/BEBOP-1 circumbinary system

Nature Astronomy volume 7, pages 702–714 (2023)Cite this article

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Abstract

Circumbinary planets, those that orbit around both stars of a central binary star system, challenge our understanding of planet formation. With only 12 binary systems known to host circumbinary planets, identifying more of these planets, along with their physical properties, could help to discern some of the physical processes that govern planet formation. Here we analyse radial-velocity data obtained by the HARPS and ESPRESSO spectrographs and report the detection of BEBOP-1 c, a gas giant planet with a mass of 65.2 ± 11.8 Earth masses (M⊕) orbiting around both stars of an eclipsing binary star system with a period of 215.5 ± 3.3 days. The system TOI-1338, hereafter referred to as BEBOP-1, which also hosts the smaller and inner transiting planet TOI-1338 b, is only the second confirmed multiplanetary circumbinary system. We do not detect TOI-1338 b with radial-velocity data alone, and we can place an upper limit on its mass of 21.8 M⊕ with 99% confidence. TOI-1338 b is amenable to atmospheric characterization using JWST, so the BEBOP-1 system has the potential to act as a benchmark for circumbinary exo-atmospheric studies.

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Fig. 1: Histogram periodogram of posterior samples obtained from a kima run on the BEBOP-1 system.
Fig. 2: Phased Keplerian radial-velocity models of the BEBOP-1 c signal.
Fig. 3: Overview of the BEBOP-1 system.
Fig. 4: Detection limits for additional undetected planetary signals in the BEBOP-1 radial-velocity data.
Fig. 5: Radius versus Mass plot of all transiting circumbinary planets and planets orbiting single stars.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available within the Article and the Supplementary Information.

Code availability

This work made use of the kima21, corner64, ACTIN66 Astropy97, numpy98, pandas99, scipy100, and matplotlib101. The custom formation simulation code is available upon reasonable request from co-author Gavin A.L. Coleman, email:gavin.coleman@qmul.ac.uk.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the ESO staff at La Silla and Paranal for their continued support throughout this work, especially through the COVID-19 pandemic, with special thanks to our ESPRESSO support astronomer M. Wittkowski. We also thank all of the observers who took part in the HARPS timeshare and were instrumental in collecting data for this project. We particularly thank X. Dumusque and F. Bouchy for their work in organizing the timeshare. This Article is based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory under ESO programmes 103.2024, 106.216B, 1101.C-0721 and 106.212H. This research has made use of the services of the ESO Science Archive Facility. A.H.M.J.T. received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 803193/BEBOP) and from the Leverhulme Trust (research project no. RPG-2018-418) to conduct this research. M.R.S. would like to acknowledge the support of the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grant number ST/T000295/1. A.C.M.C. acknowledges support from CFisUC (grant nos. UIDB/04564/2020 and UIDP/04564/2020), GRAVITY (grant no. PTDC/FIS-AST/7002/2020), PHOBOS (grant no. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029932) and ENGAGE SKA (grant no. POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022217), funded by COMPETE 2020 and FCT, Portugal. The stability maps were performed at the OBLIVION Supercomputer (HPC Center − University of Évora), funded by ENGAGE SKA and by the BigData@UE project (grant no. ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000033). Support for D.V.M. was provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant no. HF2-51464 awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract no. NAS5-26555. D.V.M. is a NASA Sagan Fellow. V.K. acknowledges support from NSF award no. AST2009501. A.S. received funding from the French government under the ‘France 2030’ investment plan managed by the French National Research Agency (reference nos. ANR-16-CONV-000X/ANR-17-EURE-00XX) and from Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University–A*MIDEX (reference no. AMX-21-IET-018). This work was supported by the ‘Programme National de Planétologie’ (PNP) of CNRS/INSU. J.P.F. received support in the form of a work contract funded by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) with reference no. DL57/2016/CP1364/CT0005. A.C.C. acknowledges support from STFC consolidated grant nos. ST/R000824/1 and ST/V000861/1, and UKSA grant no. ST/R003203/1. M.G. is an FNRS Senior Research Associate. R.P.N. and G.A.L.C. utilized Queen Mary’s Apocrita HPC facility, supported by QMUL Research-IT (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.438045). This work was performed using the DiRAC Data Intensive service at Leicester, operated by the University of Leicester IT Services, which forms part of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). The equipment was funded by BEIS capital funding via STFC capital grant nos. ST/K000373/1 and ST/R002363/1 and STFC DiRAC Operations grant no. ST/R001014/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Matthew R. Standing, Lalitha Sairam, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Thomas A. Baycroft, Georgina Dransfield, Jonathan Howard, Ellie Lane & Daniel Sebastian

  2. School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

    Matthew R. Standing

  3. Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    David V. Martin

  4. CFisUC, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Alexandre C. M. Correia

  5. IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Université, Paris, France

    Alexandre C. M. Correia

  6. Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

    Gavin A. L. Coleman & Richard P. Nelson

  7. Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    Vedad Kunovac

  8. Department of Astronomy and Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    Vedad Kunovac

  9. Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, Institut Origines, LAM, Marseille, France

    Isabelle Boisse & Alexandre Santerne

  10. Centre for Exoplanet Science/SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    Andrew Collier Cameron

  11. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal

    João P. Faria

  12. Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

    João P. Faria

  13. Astrobiology Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Michaël Gillon

  14. Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Versoix, Switzerland

    Nathan C. Hara, Franscesco Pepe & Stéphane Udry

  15. Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, UK

    Coel Hellier, Pierre F. L. Maxted & Nicola J. Miller

  16. School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Monash, Victoria, Australia

    Rosemary Mardling

  17. Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA

    Jerome A. Orosz & William F. Welsh

Authors
  1. Matthew R. Standing
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  2. Lalitha Sairam
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  3. David V. Martin
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  4. Amaury H. M. J. Triaud
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  5. Alexandre C. M. Correia
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  6. Gavin A. L. Coleman
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  7. Thomas A. Baycroft
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  8. Vedad Kunovac
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  9. Isabelle Boisse
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  10. Andrew Collier Cameron
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  11. Georgina Dransfield
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  12. João P. Faria
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  13. Michaël Gillon
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  14. Nathan C. Hara
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  15. Coel Hellier
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  16. Jonathan Howard
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  17. Ellie Lane
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  18. Rosemary Mardling
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  19. Pierre F. L. Maxted
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  20. Nicola J. Miller
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  21. Richard P. Nelson
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  22. Jerome A. Orosz
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  23. Franscesco Pepe
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  24. Alexandre Santerne
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  25. Daniel Sebastian
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  26. Stéphane Udry
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  27. William F. Welsh
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Contributions

The BEBOP project was established by A.H.M.J.T. and D.V.M., building on work by the Wide Angle Search for Planets consortium that involved A.H.M.J.T., I.B., A.C.C., M.G., C.H., P.F.L.M., F.P., A.S. and S.U. The radial-velocity data used in this manuscript were secured and obtained by M.R.S., A.H.M.J.T., L.S., D.V.M., V.K., D.S., T.A.B., P.F.L.M., N.J.M. and A.S., and their reduction involved M.R.S., A.H.M.J.T., F.P. and S.U. The observational campaign was led by M.R.S. for ESPRESSO observations and A.H.M.J.T. for HARPS. The radial-velocity analysis was led by M.R.S. with assistance from A.H.M.J.T., D.V.M. and J.P.F. Outliers in the radial-velocity data were identified by T.A.B. and M.R.S. The detection limit analysis was performed by M.R.S., J.H. and E.L. with help from J.P.F. The TIP and FIP analysis was carried out by T.A.B. and N.C.H. The analysis of the stellar activity was carried out by L.S., M.R.S. and A.H.M.J.T. An independent stability analysis on the system was carried out by A.C.M.C. and D.V.M. with input from R.M. Formation pathway simulations were carried out by G.A.L.C. and R.P.N. The TSM was calculated by G.D. The system was determined to have an inner transiting planet TOI-1338 b by D.V.M., J.A.O. and W.F.W. V.K. prepared the majority of figures in the Article. All co-authors assisted in writing and reviewing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Matthew R. Standing.

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Nature Astronomy thanks Maciej Konacki and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary Information

Supplementary Figs. 1–11 and Tables 1–4.

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Standing, M.R., Sairam, L., Martin, D.V. et al. Radial-velocity discovery of a second planet in the TOI-1338/BEBOP-1 circumbinary system. Nat Astron 7, 702–714 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01948-4

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