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Radio signatures of star–planet interactions, exoplanets and space weather

Nature Astronomy volume 8, pages 1359–1372 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Radio detections of stellar systems provide a window onto stellar magnetic activity and the space weather conditions of extrasolar planets — information that is difficult to obtain at other wavelengths. The maturation of low-frequency radio instruments and the plethora of wide-field radio surveys have driven recent advances in observing auroral emissions from radio-bright low-mass stars and exoplanets. To guide us in putting these recent results in context, we introduce the foremost local analogues for the field: solar bursts and the aurorae found on Jupiter. We detail how radio bursts associated with stellar flares are foundational to the study of stellar coronae, and time-resolved radio dynamic spectra offer one of the best prospects for detecting and characterizing coronal mass ejections from other stars. We highlight the possibility of directly detecting coherent radio emission from exoplanetary magnetospheres, as well as early tentative results. We bridge this discussion with the field of brown dwarf radio emission — the larger and stronger magnetospheres of these stars are amenable to detailed study with current instruments. Bright, coherent radio emission is also predicted from magnetic interactions between stars and close-in planets. We discuss the underlying physics of these interactions and the implications of recent provisional detections for exoplanet characterization. We conclude with an overview of outstanding questions in the theory of stellar, star–planet interaction and exoplanet radio emission and the potential of future facilities to answer them.

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Fig. 1: Schematic representation of a CME and a dynamic spectrum of the event that shows type II and III bursts.
Fig. 2: Schematic for distinguishing the emission mechanism operating when a radio stellar system is detected.
Fig. 3: Sketch illustrating the two putative sources of ECM emission in exoplanetary systems.

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Acknowledgements

This project was initiated at the Lorentz Center workshop Life Around a Radio Star, held from 27 June to 1 July 2022 in Leiden, the Netherlands. J.R.C. thanks the following graduate students and postdoctoral scholars for providing comments on the manuscript from the perspective of scientists new to the field: S. Bloot (ASTRON), C. Cordun (ASTRON), E. Fitzmaurice (Penn. State), D. Konijn (ASTRON), K. Ment (Penn. State) and T. Yiu (ASTRON). This research made use of the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program. B.J.S.P. acknowledges and pays respect to the traditional owners of the land on which the University of Queensland is situated, and to their Ancestors and descendants, who continue cultural and spiritual connections to Country. He acknowledges funding from the ARC DECRA DE21 scheme and the Big Questions Institute. R.D.K. acknowledges funding from the Dutch Research Council (NWO) for the e-MAPS (exploring magnetism on the planetary scale) project (project number VI.Vidi.203.093) under the NWO talent scheme Vidi. S.B. acknowledges funding from the NWO for the ‘Exo-space weather and contemporaneous signatures of star-planet interactions’ project of the research programme ‘Open Competition Domain Science- M’ (project number OCENW.M.22.215). M.D. acknowledges support from the INAF funding scheme Fundamental Research in Astrophysics 2022 (mini grant ‘A pilot study to explore the potential of SRT in detecting nearby radio-emitting stars with confirmed or candidate exoplanets, supported by a radial velocity follow-up’). P.Z. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under grant number number 101020459 − Exoradio. S.M. acknowledges funding from NSF AST-2108512 for a precision NIR M dwarf radial velocity survey with HPF from NASA XRP investigating radio detected M dwarfs. J.M. acknowledges funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under contract number ANR-18-CE31-0019 (SPlaSH). A.A.V. acknowledges funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 817540, ASTROFLOW). G.S. and J.D.T. acknowledge support provided by NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant number HST-HF2-51519.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA under contract number NAS5-26555. B.K. acknowledges funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 865624, GPRV). J.S. received funding from the ERC under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 884711). J.-M.G. acknowledges support from the “Programme National de Planétologie” (PNP) of CNRS/INSU co-funded by CNES and by the “Programme National de Physique Stellaire” (PNPS) of CNRS/INSU co-funded by CEA and CNES. M.M.K. acknowledges support from the Heising-Simons Foundation through 51 Pegasi b Fellowship grant number 2021-2943. This project was partly funded by the Lorentz Centre at Leiden University.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands

    J. R. Callingham, R. D. Kavanagh & H. Vedantham

  2. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands

    J. R. Callingham, S. Bellotti & A. A. Vidotto

  3. School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia

    B. J. S. Pope

  4. Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia

    B. J. S. Pope

  5. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    S. Daley-Yates

  6. INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Torinese, Italy

    M. Damasso

  7. LPC2E, OSUC, Universitéd’Orléans, CNRS, CNES, Observatoire de Paris, Orleans, France

    J.-M. Grießmeier

  8. Observatoire Radioastronomique de Nançay (ORN), Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, Université d’Orléans, OSUC, Nançay, France

    J.-M. Grießmeier & P. Zarka

  9. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    M. Güdel

  10. European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, the Netherlands

    M. Günther

  11. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    M. M. Kao

  12. Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    M. M. Kao

  13. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    B. Klein

  14. Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    S. Mahadevan

  15. Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    S. Mahadevan

  16. LUPM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France

    J. Morin

  17. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

    J. D. Nichols

  18. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

    R. A. Osten

  19. Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    R. A. Osten

  20. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain

    M. Pérez-Torres

  21. School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

    M. Pérez-Torres

  22. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA

    J. S. Pineda

  23. Astronomy & Astrophysics Section, DIAS Dunsink Observatory, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, Ireland

    J. Rigney

  24. Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, Armagh, UK

    J. Rigney

  25. School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

    J. Rigney

  26. Institute of Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    J. Saur

  27. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

    G. Stefánsson

  28. Department of Astronomy and Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    J. D. Turner

  29. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

    H. Vedantham

  30. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA

    J. Villadsen

  31. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France

    P. Zarka

Authors
  1. J. R. Callingham
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  2. B. J. S. Pope
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  3. R. D. Kavanagh
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  4. S. Bellotti
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  5. S. Daley-Yates
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  6. M. Damasso
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  7. J.-M. Grießmeier
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  8. M. Güdel
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  9. M. Günther
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  10. M. M. Kao
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  11. B. Klein
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  13. J. Morin
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  14. J. D. Nichols
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  15. R. A. Osten
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  16. M. Pérez-Torres
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  17. J. S. Pineda
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  18. J. Rigney
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  19. J. Saur
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  20. G. Stefánsson
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  23. A. A. Vidotto
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  24. J. Villadsen
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  25. P. Zarka
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Contributions

J.R.C. organized the overall structure, acted as primary editor, led the replies to the referees and edited all contributions into a cohesive text with B.J.S.P. and R.D.K. R.D.K. produced Fig. 3. J.R.C., J.D.N., J.R., J.S., J.D.T. and P.Z. were the principal contributors to the section ‘Radio emission in the Solar System’. S.D.-Y., M. Güdel, M. Günther, R.A.O., B.J.S.P. and J.V. were the principal contributors to the ‘Stellar flares and CMEs’ section. J.R.C., R.D.K., M.P.-T., J.S., H.V., A.A.V. and P.Z. were the principal contributors to the ‘Radio emission from SPIs’ section. J.-M.G. and J.D.T. contributed to the section 'Radio emission directly from exoplanets'. All authors reviewed the final text.

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Correspondence to J. R. Callingham.

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Callingham, J.R., Pope, B.J.S., Kavanagh, R.D. et al. Radio signatures of star–planet interactions, exoplanets and space weather. Nat Astron 8, 1359–1372 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02405-6

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