Fig. 3: mdEM recapitulates regional patterning in the mandible.
From: Jawbone-like organoids generated from human pluripotent stem cells
a,b, Schematic representation of major pharyngeal epithelial signals (a) and regional patterning of mdEM (b) in the mandibular prominence. The red dashed line corresponds to the coronal section. c, Strategies for inducing distal cap and proximal-oral domain from mdEM. LDN, LDN193189. d–f, Bright-field images and immunofluorescence staining for DLX5 (d), HAND1, GATA3 and HAND2 (e), and FOXF1 and PITX1 (f) in 1231A3 mdEM (d9, top) and aggregates after distal cap (d13, middle) or proximal-oral domain (d13, bottom) induction. Nuclei stained with DAPI (n = 6 from 3 biologically independent experiments). Scale bars, 100 μm. In d, dashed boxes magnified on the right. g, Gene expression analysis for distal cap marker (HAND1), distal region markers (HAND2, GATA3 and DKK1), proximal-oral domain-related genes (FOXF1, PITX1, GBX2 and BARX1) in d5, d9 and d13 (distal cap or proximal-oral domain) aggregates. Values shown as mean ± s.d. (n = 6 from 3 biologically independent experiments). P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. In d–f, representative data are shown.
