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Interfacial assembly of biomimetic MOF-based porous membranes on coacervates to build complex protocells and prototissues

Nature Chemistry volume 17, pages 986–996 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

The bottom-up construction of cell-like entities or protocells is essential for emulating cytomimetic behaviours within artificial cell consortia. Complex coacervate microdroplets are promising candidates for primordial cells; however, replicating the complex cellular organization and cell–cell interactions using membraneless coacervates remains a major challenge. To address this, we developed membrane-bound coacervate protocells by interfacial assembly of metal–organic framework nanoparticles around coacervate microdroplets. By leveraging the inherently porous structure and surface chemistry of metal–organic frameworks, we demonstrated the ability to regulate biomolecular organization within the protocells and integrate proteins into the membrane, thereby imitating both integral and peripheral membrane proteins. These membranized coacervates were further engineered into artificial-organelle-incorporated protocells and tissue-like assemblies capable of signal processing and protocell-to-protocell communication. Our findings highlight the potential of designing artificial systems with spatially controlled biomolecular organization to mimic natural cellular functions, paving the way for the assembly of membranized coacervates into prototissues.

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Fig. 1: Hierarchical organization and assemblage of natural cells and protocells.
Fig. 2: Stabilizing coacervate microdroplets via membranization with MOF nanoparticles.
Fig. 3: Regulating the spatial distribution of guest molecules with an MOF membrane.
Fig. 4: Spatial regulation of enzymatic reactions by MOF membrane.
Fig. 5: Construction of artificial-organelle-containing membrane-bound multicompartmentalized coacervate protocells.
Fig. 6: Protocellular assembly into tissue-like assemblage.

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All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Information. Source data are provided with this paper.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (T2425001 and 22172007), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB0480000 and XDB0960000), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ24008), the CAS Youth Interdisciplinary Team, the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFC2507000), the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52221006) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (buctrc202015) for financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yanglimin Ji & Yan Qiao

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Yanglimin Ji & Yan Qiao

  3. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China

    Yiyang Lin

Authors
  1. Yanglimin Ji
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  2. Yiyang Lin
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  3. Yan Qiao
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Contributions

Y.Q. led the project. Y.J. performed the experiments. Y.J. and Y.Q. conceived the experiments. Y.J., Y.L. and Y.Q. analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Qiao.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Nature Chemistry thanks Lucas Caire da Silva, Alexander Mason and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Videos, Materials and methods, Figures 1–31, Tables 1–4 and references.

Supplementary Video 1

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the assembly of RhB@ZIF-8 nanoparticles (NPs) on the DL405-PAA-doped coacervate surface to form a continuous membrane. The movie was shown at ×40 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 10 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bar, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 2

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the oxidation of Amplex red mediated by GOx and HRP (doped with 10% FITC-HRP) in FITC-HRP@MOF-coated coacervates. The systems showed transient red fluorescence after adding glucose to initiate the reaction. The video was shown at ×50 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 12 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 3

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the oxidation of Amplex red mediated by GOx and HRP (doped with 10% FITC-HRP) in membraneless coacervates. The systems showed persistent red fluorescence after adding glucose to initiate the reaction. The video was shown at ×50 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 12 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 4

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the lipase-catalysed lysis of FDA to fluorescein in membraneless RITC-lipase-doped coacervates. The systems showed no production of green fluorescence. The video was shown at ×30 of real-time speed at 3 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 3 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 5

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the lipase-catalysed lysis of FDA to fluorescein in RhB@MOF-coated coacervates. The systems showed fast generation of green fluorescence. The video was shown at ×30 of real-time speed at 3 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 3 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 6

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the production of resorufin (red fluorescence) in RhB@MOF-coated hierarchical coacervates. With the addition of amylose, resorufin (red fluorescence) was produced. The video was shown at ×50 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 10 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 7

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the production of resorufin (red fluorescence) in the binary populations of RhB@MOF-coated PDDA/PAA coacervates and membraneless Prot/FA coacervates. With the addition of amylose, resorufin (red fluorescence) was produced, which was faster in MOF-coated hierarchical coacervates than in the mixed binary coacervate populations. The video was shown at ×50 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 10 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 8

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the assembly of RhB@MOF-coated FITC-PEI-doped coacervates into tissue-like structures. The video was shown at ×15 of real-time speed at 3 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 90 s, real time was shown at the top right. Scale bar, 5 μm.

Supplementary Video 9

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the production of resorufin (red fluorescence) in prototissues with enzyme-containing artificial organelles. With the addition of lactose, resorufin (red fluorescence) was produced in prototissues. β-gal, GOx and HRP were labelled with FITC-β-gal, RITC-GOx and Cy5-HRP, respectively. MOF membranes were labelled with RhB. The video was shown at ×50 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 16.5 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

Supplementary Video 10

Fluorescence microscopy video showing the production of resorufin (red fluorescence) in prototissues with relocated enzymes on membrane. With the addition of lactose, resorufin (red fluorescence) was produced in prototissues. β-gal, GOx and HRP were labelled with FITC-β-gal, RITC-GOx and DL405-HRP, respectively. MOF membranes were labelled with fluorescein. The video was shown at ×50 of real-time speed at 5 frames per second. The total duration of recording was 16.5 min; real time was shown at the top right. Scale bars, 10 μm.

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Ji, Y., Lin, Y. & Qiao, Y. Interfacial assembly of biomimetic MOF-based porous membranes on coacervates to build complex protocells and prototissues. Nat. Chem. 17, 986–996 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-025-01827-7

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