Extended Data Fig. 5: Regional and sectoral outcomes for selected energy system dynamics indicators.

Transparent wide bars represent 2030 values, solid thin bars are values for 2050, the 2015 values are given by the dotted vertical line. We show the SSP2-NDC (red, top), SSP1-1.5C (green, centre) and SDP-1.5C (blue, bottom) scenarios; the SSP1-NDC scenario is omitted for reasons of visual clarity. a, Sectoral final energy demand per capita, b, Electricity and hydrogen share of final energy, by sector c, Total final energy demand compared to the 2050 values of Grubler et al.³⁴ and Millwards-Hopkins et al.⁴³ and the 2030 values of the IEA ‘Sustainable Development’ scenario¹¹³. Note the imperfect mapping between the IEA ‘Africa’ region and our SSA region. The Grubler et al. model only distinguishes between two model regions (Global North and Global South). d, Sectoral CO2 emissions. Region abbreviations: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), India (IND), China (CHA), Europe (EUR), United States of America (USA). A more detailed discussion on the energy system (including this figure) is given in Section 4.2 of the SI.