Extended Data Fig. 4: Regional outcomes for selected indicators that describe key dynamics of the land and food system.

Transparent wide bars represent 2030 values, solid thin bars are values for 2050 and the 2015 values are given by the dotted vertical lines. We show the SSP2-NDC (red, top), SSP1-1.5C (green, centre) and SDP-1.5C (blue, bottom) scenarios; the SSP1-NDC scenario is omitted for reasons of visual clarity. a, Drivers of land use (crop demand, the share of plant-based protein in total dietary protein supply and bioenergy demand), b, Production and food system characteristics (N surplus on cropland, cereal yields and food price index w.r.t. 2010), c, Agricultural land (including cropland for food/feed crops and dedicated bioenergy crops as well as pasture) d, Forest cover differentiated between unmanaged (primary as well as secondary) forest and managed forest (including timber plantations and afforestation). Region abbreviations: Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), India (IND), Latin America (LAM), European Union (EUR), United States of America (USA). A more detailed discussion on the land and food system (including this figure) is given in Section 4.1 of the SI.