Extended Data Table. 2 Details of GOBM simulations

Reference

Doney et al. (2009);

Lindsay et al. (2014);

Yang and Gruber (2016) (ref. ³⁵)

Gürses et al. (2023) (ref. ³⁴)

Vertical layers

60

46

Native horizontal resolution

lon: 1.125°

lat: 0.27° - 0.53°

1°; refined in equatorial, coastal, and polar regions

Initial conditions

POP2 model using Levitus data and a state of rest, carbonate chemistry from GLODAPv2 pre-industrial

DIC and TA (GLODAPv2 preindustrial); N, Si, and O2 (WOA13); Fe (PISCES, corrected with observations), temperature and salinity from PHC3.0 climatology

Spin up procedure

180 years with CORE forcing and 1850 pCO₂, switch to JRA forcing for 14 years;

3x cycling through JRA with historical forcing

Spun up from 1611-1957 with JRA55-do v1.3, repeating the year 1961.

Length of spin up

180 years (CORE) + 14 years (JRA)

1850-1957

Physical forcing

JRA-55 v1.3

JRA55-do v1.3

K_w parameters

a = 0.31 (Wanninkhof 1992), 1-fice

a = 0.251 (Wanninkhof 2014), 1-fice

Atmospheric CO₂

monthly, global mean

xCO₂ (Friedlingstein et al. 2022)

monthly, global mean

xCO₂ (Friedlingstein et al. 2022)