Extended Data Fig. 7: Changes of resilience before and after land cover changes and fire with respect to the spatial baseline.

(a) The fraction of resilience lower than the baseline (F(R-)) between five years before and after climate-driven land cover change (LCC), grouped by LCC types, that is evergreen forest loss (EF.loss), deciduous forest loss (DF.loss), shrub loss (SHB.loss), deciduous forest gain (DF.gain), evergreen forest gain (EF.gain), herbaceous gain (HB.gain) and shrub gain (SHB.gain). An F(R-) > 0.5 indicates that most pixels in this group experienced reduced resilience. (b) The latitudinal variation of F(R-) grouped by a bin size of 0.75° for each LCC type. (c) F(R-) before and after fires grouped by the pre-fire land cover types and (d) the corresponding latitudinal variation, similar to (a) and (b). The colours represent five years before (-5) and after (+5) the land cover change or fire, and so forth. F(R-) was calculated by comparing resilience (posterior mean) in the target year to the spatial baseline, that is, the spatially averaged resilience (posterior mean) across nearby similar pixels in the same year of the abrupt change, corrected by the spatial difference between the initial resilience conditions. The bar height in (a) and (c) is the mean F(R-) across 100 sets of bootstrapping pixels for each group (n = 10,000 for each set). The thick black vertical line shows the standard deviation, suggesting robust estimates across sampled pixels. The lower/upper end of the thin grey vertical line is F(R-) quantified by comparing the upper/lower boundary of resilience (posterior mean plus/minus posterior standard deviation) to the abovementioned baseline, indicating large posterior range of resilience estimates post changes. The lines and shaded bands in (b) and (d) show the mean and standard deviation of F(R-) from 100 bootstrap resampling.