Extended Data Fig. 4: Greening is not always associated with enhanced vegetation resilience.

(a) Statistically significant (two-sided t test α = 0.05) greening and browning locations. (b) Greening areas with decreasing resilience. Colours represent long-term resilience (negative lag-1 autocorrelation) trends. (c) The spatial pattern of vegetation resilience averaged from 2003 to 2019 across the ABoVE core domain. (d) Similar to Fig. 1 in the main text, the map shows the trend of resilience for areas without land cover change or fire disturbances. The inset shows the latitudinal variation of resilience trend with a bin size of 0.75°, where the line and gray band denote the mean and the standard variation, respectively. (e)-(j) Similar to Fig. 2 in the main text, the outer pie shows the areal fractions of significantly (two-sided t test α = 0.05) increased (R + ), significantly decreased (R-), and non-significant (R-NS) resilience trend among all vegetated areas without land cover change or fire disturbances (e) and the major land cover types, including evergreen forest (f), deciduous forest (g), shrubland (h), herbaceous (i) and sparsely vegetated (j). The nested inner pie shows the areal fractions of significant greening, browning, and non-significant (EVI-NS) greenness trend within each resilience trend group (outer pie). The number of pixels in each panel is noted in round brackets.